Arthrodesis of the ankle: arthroscopic, mini-open, and open techniques.

Despite recent advances in ankle arthroplasty technology, arthrodesis remains the gold standard for the operative treatment of advanced ankle arthritis. Choice of technique should be guided by the surgeon's experience and the amount of deformity present. In all cases, close attention to detail is essential in performing this procedure to ensure that the patient is provided with a well-fused, stable ankle and a well-aligned plantar grade foot suitable for functional ambulation.