Piezophysiology of genome wide gene expression levels in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Hydrostatic pressure is one of the physical factors affecting cellular physiology. Hydrostatic pressure of a few hundred MPa decreases the viability of yeast cells, and pressure of a few tens MPa decreases the growth rate. To understand the effect of hydrostatic pressure, we employed yeast DNA microarrays and analyzed genome-wide gene-expression levels after the pressure treatment with 180 MPa (immediate) at 4 degrees C and recovery incubation for 1 h and 40 MPa (16 h) at 4 degrees C and recovery incubation for 1 h. The transcription of genes involved in energy metabolism, cell defense, and protein metabolism was significantly induced by the pressure treatment. Genome-wide expression profiles suggested that high pressure caused damage to cellular organelles, since the induced gene products were localized in the membrane structure and/or cellular organelles. Hierarchical clustering analysis suggested that the damage caused by the pressure was similar to that caused by detergents, oils, and freezing/thawing. We also estimated the contribution of induced genes to barotolerance using some strains that have the deletion in the corresponding genes.