OBJECTIVE: To summarize the recent knowledge on the implications of placenta and cytokines in normal and preeclamptic pregnancies. DATA SOURCES: A literature search was conducted of applicable articles related to interactions between trophoblast and cytokines in generating preeclampsia. CONCLUSIONS: The initiating event in preeclampsia has been postulated to be the reduced uteroplacental perfusion as a result of abnormal extravillous cytotrophoblast invasion and remodeling of the uterine spiral arteries. Focal ischemia and hypoxia, deportation of hypoxemic trophoblast cells and abnormal expression of various placental biologic molecules, particularly the cytokines, are thought to lead to widespread dysfunction of the maternal vascular endothelium resulting in overproduction of endothelin and thromboxane, enhanced vascular sensitivity to angiotensin II, and reduced secretion of vasodilators such as nitric oxide and prostacyclin. These alterations, in turn, cause hypertension, proteinuria and edema, and pathologies in many organ systems (kidney, lung, liver, brain).
OBJECTIVE: To summarize the recent knowledge on the implications of placenta and cytokines in normal and preeclamptic pregnancies. DATA SOURCES: A literature search was conducted of applicable articles related to interactions between trophoblast and cytokines in generating preeclampsia. CONCLUSIONS: The initiating event in preeclampsia has been postulated to be the reduced uteroplacental perfusion as a result of abnormal extravillous cytotrophoblast invasion and remodeling of the uterine spiral arteries. Focal ischemia and hypoxia, deportation of hypoxemic trophoblast cells and abnormal expression of various placental biologic molecules, particularly the cytokines, are thought to lead to widespread dysfunction of the maternal vascular endothelium resulting in overproduction of endothelin and thromboxane, enhanced vascular sensitivity to angiotensin II, and reduced secretion of vasodilators such as nitric oxide and prostacyclin. These alterations, in turn, cause hypertension, proteinuria and edema, and pathologies in many organ systems (kidney, lung, liver, brain).
Authors: Suttira Intapad; Junie P Warrington; Frank T Spradley; Ana C Palei; Heather A Drummond; Michael J Ryan; Joey P Granger; Barbara T Alexander Journal: Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol Date: 2014-10-08 Impact factor: 3.619
Authors: Julia Warner Gargano; Claudia Holzman; Patricia Senagore; Poul Thorsen; Kristin Skogstrand; David M Hougaard; Mohammad H Rahbar; Hwan Chung Journal: J Reprod Immunol Date: 2008-09-23 Impact factor: 4.054
Authors: Babbette LaMarca; Denise C Cornelius; Ashlyn C Harmon; Lorena M Amaral; Mark W Cunningham; Jessica L Faulkner; Kedra Wallace Journal: Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol Date: 2016-04-20 Impact factor: 3.619