Planning, simulation, and augmented reality for robotic cardiac procedures: The STARS system of the ChIR team.

This paper presents STARS (Simulation and Transfer Architecture for Robotic Surgery), a versatile system that aims at enhancing minimally invasive robotic surgery through patient-dependent optimized planning, realistic simulation, safe supervision, and augmented reality. The underlying architecture of the proposed approach is presented, then each component is detailed. An experimental validation is conducted on a dog for a coronary bypass intervention using the Da Vinci(TM) surgical system focusing on planing, registration, and augmented reality trials. Copyright 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.