Directional evolution for microsatellite size in maize.

Directional evolution in microsatellites is the tendency for microsatellites either to increase or to decrease in size over time between populations. We analyzed 99 microsatellite loci in a sample of 193 maize plants representing the entire pre-Columbian range of this crop for evidence of directional evolution. We took advantage of the known phylogeographic history of maize with the independent movement of maize from its ancestral location in Mexico to North and South America. We show that there is an increase in the average allele size of microsatellites in the geographically derived North and South American groups relative to the ancestral Mexican group. We also show that there is a negative correlation between average allele size and altitude in all three groups. Directional evolution in maize microsatellites can be explained by changes in the mutation rate over time and space, changes in the degree of mutational bias to a larger allele, demographic differences between the ancestral and geographically derived populations, and/or scenarios involving selection on microsatellite size. The occurrence of directional evolution for microsatellite size indicates that the estimation of population parameters with microsatellite data in maize should be done with caution.