Pressure ulcers in pediatric intensive care: incidence and associated factors.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the incidence, location, and factors associated with the development of pressure ulcers in patients cared for in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU).
DESIGN: Multisite prospective cohort study.
SETTING: Three PICUs contained within freestanding children's hospitals. PATIENTS: A total of 322 patients, 21 days to 8 yrs of age, on bed rest in the PICU for at least 24 hrs without preexisting pressure ulcers or congenital heart disease. INTERVENTION: Patients were observed up to three times a week for 2 wks, then once a week until PICU discharge for a median of two observation periods (interquartile range, 1-4), reflecting 877 skin assessments. Skin assessments were independently rated, and data collectors were blinded to the assessments of the others.
MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Pressure ulcers were staged according to the American National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel Consensus Development Conference recommendations. Eighty-six patients (27%) developed 199 pressure ulcers; 139 (70%) were Stage I, 54 (27%) were Stage II, and 6 (3%) were Stage III. Of the 60 Stage II/III pressure ulcers, 19 (32%) involved the head. Stage III pressure ulcers involved the occiput, ear, chest, and coccyx. An additional 27 pressure-related injuries were caused by medical devices. Statistically significant Stage I pressure ulcer predictor variables include the use of mechanical ventilation, mean arterial pressures < or =50 mm Hg, and lower Braden Q scores.
CONCLUSIONS: PICU patients at risk include those supported on mechanical ventilation, those with hypotension, and those who have low Braden Q scores. This study provides unique benchmark data for the general PICU population from which pediatric interventional studies can be designed to reduce the incidence of pressure ulcers in this vulnerable patient population.