Identification of rhythmic subsystems in the circadian cycle of crassulacean acid metabolism under thermoperiodic perturbations.

Leaves of the Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) plant Kalanchoë daigremontiana Hamet et Perrier de la Bâthie show overt circadian rhythms in net CO2 uptake, leaf conductance to water and intercellular CO2 concentration, which are entrained by periodic temperature cycles. To probe their sensitivity to thermoperiodic perturbations, intact leaves were exposed to continuous light intensity and temperature cycles with a period of 16 h, applying a set of different baseline temperatures and thermodriver amplitudes. All three overt rhythms were analyzed with respect to their frequency spectra and their phase relations with the thermodriver. For most stimulation protocols, stomatal conductance and net CO2 change were fully or partially entrained by the temperature pulses, while the internal CO2 concentration remained dominated by oscillations in the circadian range. Prolonged time series recorded for up to 22 d in continuous light underline the robustness of these circadian oscillations. This suggests that the overt circadian rhythm of net CO2 uptake in CAM results from the interaction of two coupled original systems: (i) an endogenous cycle of CO2 fixation in the mesophyll, showing very robust periodic activity, and (ii) stomatal movements that respond to environmental stimuli independently of rhythmic processes in the mesophyll, and thus modulate the gas exchange amplitude.