Mapping quantitative trait loci underlying appearance quality of rice grains (Oryza sativa L.).

Ninety-eight backcross inbred lines (BILs) derived from a subspecific cross of Nipponbare (japonica)/Kasalath (indica)//Nipponbare and its genetic linkage map were used to identify quantitative trait locus (QTL) controlling rice appearance quality traits such as grain length (GL), grain width (GW), length-width ratio (LWR), percentage of grains with chalkiness (PGWC), square of chalky endosperm (SCE), degree of endosperm chalkiness (DEC) and grain endosperm transparency (GET) by composite interval mapping over two years. A total of 33 QTLs were identified to be significant in at least one year for seven traits and the number of QTL for each trait ranged from four to seven, showing that appearance quality of rice grains were controlled by multigenes. The phenotypic variation explained by individual QTLs ranged from 6.2% to 15.2% for GL, 8.3% to 32.5% for GW, 6.8% to 19.8% for LWR, 6.4% to 28.5% for PGWC, 6.1% to 16.9% for SCE, 9.3% to 17.2% for DEC, and 5.6% to 25.2% for GET. The distribution of QTL were characterized by clustering with the intervals of C1488-C563 on chromosome 3, R830-R3166 and R1436-R2289 on chromosome 5, R2147-R2171 on chromosome 6 each harboring over 3 QTLs. The QTL-by-environment interactions were observed by comparing QTL mapping of the same population grown in 2 consecutive years, but were trait dependent. The QTL for GL and LWR were rather stable across years while that for PGWC, SCE and DEC were very sensitive to environments.