High-risk localized prostate cancer: primary surgery and adjuvant therapy.

High risk localized prostate cancer includes patients with palpable disease outside the capsule (clinical stage T3) as well as those with apparently localized disease but with adverse prognostic factors such as Gleason 8-10 tumors or very extensive disease on biopsy. The goals of therapy for these patients are to achieve both long-term local control and to remain free of metastatic disease. The ideal treatment to achieve these goals is unknown. We present a review of the outcome of contemporary reported series of such patients treated with primary radical prostatectomy, with or without neoadjuvant or adjuvant therapies. Over 80% of the patients overall achieved a 5-year disease-specific survival, though well under 50% have undetectable prostate specific antigen at that time point. We also review what is known about the choice and timing of adjuvant therapies, and describe current cooperative group studies underway to answer some of these questions.