Brain nitric oxide synthase expression in the developing ferret lateral geniculate nucleus: analysis of time course, localization, and synaptic contacts.

Nitric oxide (NO) is a diffusible neurotransmitter that has been implicated in key developmental events, including the refinement of retinogeniculate axons into ON/OFF sublayers in the ferret lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), and in the formation of eye-specific laminae in other species. To understand the role of NO in the LGN, it is critical to fully characterize the pattern of brain nitric oxide synthase (bNOS) expression within the nucleus, including the phenotype of the neural elements that express it. We have examined the temporal and spatial pattern of bNOS expression in the ferret LGN during the first 6 weeks of postnatal development, and in the adult, by detecting bNOS with a monoclonal antibody as well as beta-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase histochemistry. We have found that bNOS is expressed in neurons in the A laminae of the LGN as early as postnatal day 7 (P7), a time coincident with eye-specific segregation of retinal axons. This expression continues through P35, with peak somatodendritic expression at P21. Fluorescent double labeling using antibodies to bNOS and glutamic acid decarboxylase indicate that bNOS is expressed in gamma-aminobutyric acid-ergic interneurons within the A laminae. Electron microscopic examination of bNOS-labeled cells showed synaptic contacts from terminals with two distinct morphologic profiles. Expression of bNOS within interneurons that receive contacts from multiple sources indicates that the synaptic circuitry associated with bNOS activation and the potential targets of NO may be more complex than originally thought and supports a potential new role for interneurons as cellular intermediaries in the refinement of pathways in the LGN. Our findings broaden the window of time that bNOS may be active within the developing LGN, suggesting an expanded role for NO during early postnatal development. Copyright 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.