Influence of parenteral iron preparations on non-transferrin bound iron uptake, the iron regulatory protein and the expression of ferritin and the divalent metal transporter DMT-1 in HepG2 human hepatoma cells.

It is widely assumed that standard parenteral iron preparations are degraded in the reticuloendothelial cells and that the iron is subsequently incorporated into transferrin. Hepatocytes or other epithelial cells have been considered as not affected. We show that this picture should be carefully reconsidered. By using the human hepatoma cell line HepG2 we showed that the parenteral iron preparations ferric saccharate and ferric gluconate donated iron to the cells as efficiently as low molecular weight iron and stimulated non-transferrin bound iron uptake. This led to inactivation of the iron regulatory protein 1 and to an increase in the expression of ferritin and of the divalent metal transporter (DMT-1). Ferric dextran was only a weak stimulator of ferritin and DMT-1 expression. The observed changes in iron metabolism occurred at concentrations of parenteral iron that can also be found in the plasma of patients after i.v. infusion. We conclude that parenteral iron also influences the iron metabolism of non-reticuloendothelial cells like HepG2 cells. Further the increase in the expression of the transporter DMT-1 in HepG2 cells after iron treatment is in contrast to the regulation in the duodenum and may be involved in the upregulated uptake of potentially toxic non-transferrin bound iron from the circulation to store it in the non-toxic form of ferritin.