Nonneutral admixture of immigrant genotypes in African Drosophila melanogaster populations from Zimbabwe.

Drosophila melanogaster originated in Africa and colonized the rest of the world only recently (approximately 10,000 to 15,000 years ago). Using 151 microsatellite loci, we investigated patterns of gene flow between African D. melanogaster populations representing presumptive ancestral variation and recently colonized European populations. Although we detected almost no evidence for alleles of non-African ancestry in a rural D. melanogaster population from Zimbabwe, an urban population from Zimbabwe showed evidence for admixture. Interestingly, the degree of admixture differed among chromosomes. X chromosomes of both rural and urban populations showed almost no non-African ancestry, but the third chromosome in the urban population showed up to 70% of non-African alleles. When chromosomes were broken into contingent microsatellite blocks, even higher estimates of admixture and significant heterogeneity in admixture was observed among these blocks. The discrepancy between the X chromosome and the third chromosome is not consistent with a neutral admixture hypothesis. The higher number of European alleles on the third chromosome could be due to stronger selection against foreign alleles on the X chromosome or to more introgression of (beneficial) alleles on the third chromosome.