Cold hardiness, supercooling ability and causes of low-temperature mortality in the soft tick, Argas reflexus, and the hard tick, Ixodes ricinus (Acari: Ixodoidea) from Central Europe.

Seasonal supercooling points (SCPs=temperature of crystallization) and cold hardiness were investigated in the indigenous hard tick, I. ricinus, and in A. reflexus, a soft tick introduced to Central Europe from the South. Both species proved to be freeze-susceptible as well as highly susceptible to inoculative freezing. None of the postembryonic developmental stages of either species showed any distinct seasonal pattern of SCP. Unexpectedly, the introduced A. reflexus exhibited a distinctly higher degree of cold hardiness in terms of lower lethal temperature (LT(50): 24h exposure) as well as lethal time (T(50): time of survival at -10.1 degrees C) than I. ricinus. Engorged I. ricinus larvae as well as engorged summer acclimatized A. reflexus larvae showed some mortality at temperatures well above the SCP. This mortality was generally expressed as a failure of the following stage to eclose properly. A 10-day cold acclimation at +3 degrees C eliminated that kind of mortality in summer acclimatized A. reflexus larvae, but not in I. ricinus larvae. It was frequently observed that freezing of ticks resulted-possibly via leakage from the midgut-in a subsequent reddish brown discoloration of the ticks after thawing. Taking into account that discoloration was an indication of previous freezing, it was concluded, that after long-term exposure (for >/=30 days) at -10.1 degrees C, a temperature well above the SCP, some tick mortality could be observed that was not caused by previous freezing. Weighing experiments clearly demonstrated, that the level of dehydration was not critical for survival of A. reflexus during long-term cold exposure, even at low RH. This indicates, that cold-related factors other than freezing and dehydration were detrimental to this species.