Exuviae eating: a nitrogen meal?

Many insects eat their cast cuticle (exuviae) after moulting. The functional significance of this behaviour has not been addressed experimentally. I tested the hypothesis that exuviae eating constitutes a meal, so the animal recycles its nitrogen content. Nitrogenous compounds (protein and chitin) are major components of the cuticle in Periplaneta americana, accounting for as much as 87% of the total weight. It was found that insects almost invariably ate their exuviae during their larval life. The frequency of the behaviour decreased in newly emerged adults and varied between the sexes, males eating their exuviae less frequently than females. This may be due to the extra nitrogen endowment which females need for reproduction. Aposymbiotic animals, which lack the supply of essential amino acids from endosymbiotic bacteria, always ate their exuviae regardless of sex. When animals were reared on different diets throughout their larval life protein level in the diet correlated with exuviae eating. Animals reared on a low protein diet showed the highest levels of exuviae eating; animals reared on a high protein diet showed the highest levels of exuviae rejection. Analysis of the frass produced after exuviae meals showed that over 58% of the nitrogen present in the exuviae was recycled. This demonstrated that cockroaches digested nitrogenous compounds contained in the cuticle. The possibility that the exuviae meal has other functions is discussed, although the evidence supports a nutritional role.