Theory, measurement, and methods in the study of family influences on adolescent smoking.

This paper discusses three dilemmas faced by researchers interested in family influences in substance use: the transitional nature of adolescent smoking, the complexity and multi-dimensionality of family forms and influences, and the inter-relationship of family influences with other key developmental contexts. Methodological and conceptual issues stemming from these dilemmas are discussed with regard to understanding why previous reviews have found the correlations between family predictors and adolescent smoking to be relatively low. In particular, the importance of understanding time, the transitional nature of the phenomenon, and within- and between- family processes are emphasized. More appropriate conceptual and statistical models for analyzing family influences are suggested, including both mixed models and person-centered approaches.