Ovicide-induced serosa degeneration and its impact on embryonic development in Manduca sexta (Insecta: Lepidoptera).

Eggs of Manduca sexta treated with the ovicide Ov. 165049 turn orange, and the embryos later die. The orange pigmentation is at first confined to the serosa, and is accompanied by pathological changes of serosal cells. Lipid vesicles aggregate and spindle-shaped electron-lucent vesicles-normally forming a single layer below the apical cell surface-greatly accumulate. The mitochondria swell considerably, and their matrices become electron-lucent. Subsequently, the serosal cells develop additional features of necrosis. They form many autophagic vacuoles which contain mostly degradating mitochondria, but also segregated rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER) and glycogen granules. The whole cytoplasm vesiculates, and the cells shrink considerably. The nuclei become less irregular in shape, the chromatin disperses rather evenly whereas the nucleoli persist. Neither chromatin condensation nor the production of apoptotic bodies was observed-further evidence, that the serosal cells die by necrosis rather than apoptosis. At some stage of development the damaged serosa ruptures, retracts from the embryo and forms a sphere beneath it. It is only after the rupture of the serosa, that the embryo also turns orange and disintegrates rapidly. This shows impressively the protective function which the serosa plays for the embryo. Our physiological tests indicate, that the orange pigmentation of the serosa induced by the ovicide results from a disturbance of the tryptophan/ommochrome pathway serving the excretion of potentially toxic metabolites of tryptophan-rich proteins. The results demonstrate first that the serosa represents an important target for ovicide pesticides and second that it plays a vital role as an excretory organ during embryogenesis.