BACKGROUND: Cognitive control, defined as the ability to suppress inappropriate thoughts and actions, is compromised in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This study examines the neural basis of this deficit. METHODS: We used a paradigm that incorporates a parametric manipulation within a go/nogo task, so that the number of go trials preceding a nogo trial is varied to tax the neural systems underlying cognitive control with increasing levels of interference. RESULTS: Using this paradigm in combination with event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we show that children without ADHD have increased susceptibility to interference with increasing numbers of go trials preceding a nogo trial, but children with ADHD have difficulty even with a single go trial preceding a nogo trial. In addition, children with ADHD do not activate frontostriatal regions in the same manner as normally developing children, but rather rely on a more diffuse network of regions, including more posterior and dorsolateral prefrontal regions. CONCLUSIONS: Normal immature cognition may be characterized as being susceptible to interference and supported by the maturation of frontostriatal circuitry. ADHD children show a slightly different cognitive profile at 6 to 10 years of age that is paralleled by a relative lack of or delay in the maturation of ventral frontostriatal circuitry.
BACKGROUND: Cognitive control, defined as the ability to suppress inappropriate thoughts and actions, is compromised in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This study examines the neural basis of this deficit. METHODS: We used a paradigm that incorporates a parametric manipulation within a go/nogo task, so that the number of go trials preceding a nogo trial is varied to tax the neural systems underlying cognitive control with increasing levels of interference. RESULTS: Using this paradigm in combination with event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we show that children without ADHD have increased susceptibility to interference with increasing numbers of go trials preceding a nogo trial, but children with ADHD have difficulty even with a single go trial preceding a nogo trial. In addition, children with ADHD do not activate frontostriatal regions in the same manner as normally developing children, but rather rely on a more diffuse network of regions, including more posterior and dorsolateral prefrontal regions. CONCLUSIONS: Normal immature cognition may be characterized as being susceptible to interference and supported by the maturation of frontostriatal circuitry. ADHDchildren show a slightly different cognitive profile at 6 to 10 years of age that is paralleled by a relative lack of or delay in the maturation of ventral frontostriatal circuitry.
Authors: F Caroline Davis; Annchen R Knodt; Olaf Sporns; Benjamin B Lahey; David H Zald; Bart D Brigidi; Ahmad R Hariri Journal: Cereb Cortex Date: 2012-05-29 Impact factor: 5.357
Authors: Michael A Cerullo; Caleb M Adler; Martine Lamy; James C Eliassen; David E Fleck; Stephen M Strakowski; Melissa P DelBello Journal: Early Interv Psychiatry Date: 2009-08 Impact factor: 2.732
Authors: Katie A McLaughlin; Margaret A Sheridan; Warren Winter; Nathan A Fox; Charles H Zeanah; Charles A Nelson Journal: Biol Psychiatry Date: 2013-10-03 Impact factor: 13.382
Authors: Nikos Makris; Larry J Seidman; Eve M Valera; Joseph Biederman; Michael C Monuteaux; David N Kennedy; Verne S Caviness; George Bush; Katherine Crum; Ariel B Brown; Stephen V Faraone Journal: J Atten Disord Date: 2010-01 Impact factor: 3.256