The surgical management of facial nerve injury.

Treatment of facial nerve injuries depends upon a detailed understanding of its anatomic course, accurate clinical examination, and timely and appropriate diagnostic studies. Reconstruction depends upon the extent of injury, the availability of the proximal stump. and the time since injury and duration of muscle denervation. Although no alternative is perfect, these techniques, in combination with static and ancillary procedures. can protect the eye, prevent drooling, restore the smile, and improve facial symmetry. New techniques (including single-stage free tissue transfers and bioengineered nerve grafts), further research on the characteristics of the facial musculature, and methods of preserving the neuromuscular junction will undoubtedly manifest themselves as further refinements of established surgical techniques.