Nerve repair, grafting, and nerve transfers.

Advances in the field of peripheral nerve surgery have increased our understanding of the complex cellular and molecular events involved in nerve injury and repair. Application of these important discoveries has led to important developments in the techniques of nerve repair, nerve grafting, nerve allografts, end-to-side repairs, and nerve-to-nerve transfers. As our understanding of this dynamic field increases, further improvement in functional outcomes after nerve injury and repair can be expected.