Hepatic artery embolization for hepatocellular carcinoma: technique, patient selection, and outcomes.

Most patients with HCC do not qualify for surgical interventions. In carefully selected patients, TACE may improve survival, reduce the rate of tumor growth, and decrease the incidence of portal vein occlusion. Since the introduction of TACE in the 1980s, the technical aspects of the procedure have significantly improved. Sophisticated angiographic equipment and techniques have made superselective arterial catheterization possible for more focused drug delivery. The use of ethiodized oil allows for more effective targeting of HCC and provides dual embolization of the hepatic artery and the portal venules supplying the tumor. Many important technical questions about TACE remain unanswered at this time: there are no reliable, standardized patient selection criteria, ideal cytotoxic agents have not yet been identified, the optimal dose of ethiodized oil has not been confirmed, and the optimal frequency and timing of repeat treatment sessions remain unknown. One major limitation of TACE--the need for repeated treatments, which can result in deterioration of liver function--may be avoided by use of a combination of interventional therapies. The combination of limited TACE with PEI or RFA may lead to improved survival and decreased risk of liver failure. More recently, two excellent randomized clinical trials have demonstrated significant survival benefit for patients treated with TACE when compared with those treated symptomatically.