Indications and limitations of liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a common cause of cancer-related death worldwide, yet remains difficult to treat, with dismal overall long-term survival rates. Recent strategies using liver transplantation for carefully selected patients with stage I and II HCC and cirrhosis have shown promising results, with 5-year survival rates comparable to survival rates for transplantation patients without malignancy. Currently, however, limited resources and a severe organ shortage make liver transplantation an option for only a limited number of patients with HCC in the United States. Future studies must document the long-term success of this therapy and improve methods for disease control before and after transplantation.