A covalent linkage between the gene 5 DNA polymerase of bacteriophage T7 and Escherichia coli thioredoxin, the processivity factor: fate of thioredoxin during DNA synthesis.

Gene 5 protein (gp5) of bacteriophage T7 is a non-processive DNA polymerase, which acquires high processivity by binding to Escherichia coli thioredoxin. The gene 5 protein-thioredoxin complex (gp5/trx) polymerizes thousands of nucleotides before dissociating from a primer-template. We have engineered a disulfide linkage between the gene 5 protein and thioredoxin within the binding surface of the two proteins. The polymerase activity of the covalently linked complex (gp5-S-S-trx) is similar to that of gp5/trx on poly(dA)/oligo(dT). However, gp5-S-S-trx has only one third the polymerase activity of gp5/trx on single-stranded M13 DNA. gp5-S-S-trx has difficulty polymerizing nucleotides through sites of secondary structure on M13 DNA and stalls at these sites, resulting in lower processivity. However, gp5-S-S-trx has an identical processivity and rate of elongation when E. coli single-stranded DNA-binding protein (SSB protein) is used to remove secondary structure from M13 DNA. Upon completing synthesis on a DNA template lacking secondary structure, both complexes recycle intact, without dissociation of the processivity factor, to initiate synthesis on a new DNA template. However, a complex stalled at secondary structure becomes unstable, and both subunits dissociate from each other as the polymerase prematurely releases from M13 DNA.