Reverse versus forward order reporting and the accuracy of fourth-graders' recalls of school breakfast and school lunch.

BACKGROUND: Do children recall school breakfast and school lunch intake during 24-h recalls more accurately when prompted to report meals and snacks in reverse versus forward order?
METHODS: One hundred twenty-one fourth-graders stratified by race (Black, White) and gender were each observed and interviewed twice (once per order) regarding the previous day's intake. Omission and intrusion rates determined accuracy for reporting items. Total inaccuracy determined accuracy for reporting items and amounts.
RESULTS: Results failed to indicate significant effects of interviewer, weekday, sequence (first or second recall), or race on omission rates, intrusion rates, or total inaccuracy. A significant order by gender interaction was found for omission rates, which were lower (i.e., better) for males for reverse (53%) versus forward recalls (62%), but not females (61 versus 53%) (P < 0.008). Intrusion rates were acceptable for males for 54% of reverse recalls and 40% of forward recalls (P = 0.095). Means were 57 and 32%, and 6.4 servings for omission rate, intrusion rate, and total inaccuracy for reverse recalls, and 56 and 39%, and 6.9 servings for forward recalls.
CONCLUSIONS: Prompting children to report in reverse versus forward order improved omission and intrusion rates for males more so than females. Regardless of reverse or forward order, children reported <50% of items observed; furthermore, >30% of items reported were not observed. Research is needed to enhance accuracy of children's dietary recalls.