Recent progress in the diagnosis and therapy for veno-occlusive disease of the liver.

Veno-occlusive disease (VOD) is one of the severe complications of the liver, which may occur after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Although an early diagnosis is important to initiate antithrombotic therapy before serious organ failure, the widely used clinical criteria only become clinically fulfilled at an advanced stage of disease. Liver biopsy provides useful findings for the diagnosis of VOD, however, in the later or less severe stages of VOD liver biopsy may provide false-negative sampling error because the biopsy sample may be too small to evaluate the whole liver. In addition it may be difficult to follow the clinical course with repeat biopsy in individual cases. Imaging diagnosis of VOD including gray-scale US, Doppler US, and MRI have been reported as convenient and useful. Color-Doppler US is superior because of its specificity and sensitivity. Blood sampling tests including factor VII, protein C, N-terminal propeptide for type III procollagen (P-III-P) and hyarulonic acid have predictive value, and their measurement may simply be another way to evaluate early hepatic impairment. Since no optimal treatment for VOD has been established as yet, the prophylaxis of VOD or early initiation of treatment is important. These new diagnostic approaches for VOD may provide a direction to resolve the clinical problems of VOD such as the time of initiation of therapy, the therapeutic regimen of choice, and the cessation of therapy.