Paediatric laryngotracheal stenosis: a consensus paper from three European centres.

Surgical reconstruction of paediatric laryngotracheal stenosis (LTS) has only been developed over the last 30 years, but during that period great advances have been made, and the operation is now very much tailored to the needs of the individual patient. Closed (endoscopic) techniques have a very limited place in the correction of LTS. Of the open surgical techniques, laryngotracheal reconstruction (LTR) with cartilage grafting can precisely correct grade II and mild grade III stenosis with minimal morbidity and high decannulation rates. Partial cricotracheal resection (PCTR) can deliver high success rates for more severe stenoses, but it is a more complex procedure. Because LTR is more straightforward, it tends to be preferred for grade II and mild grade III stenosis. For a suitably experienced surgeon, PCTR is the preferred option for grade IV and severe grade III stenosis, especially where there is a clear margin between the stenosis and the vocal cords. The best chance for the patient lies in the first operation: this means that the surgeon managing the problem must be fully trained in paediatric airway endoscopy and laryngotracheal surgery, since inappropriate initial management of LTS may lead to permanent intractable sequelae.