Current strategies for anticancer chemoprevention and chemoprotection.

Relatively new targets in drug design projects in cancer pharmacology include cytostatic agents, immune system modulators, and angiogenesis inhibitors. Preventive oncology applies pharmacological agents to reverse, retard, or halt progression of neoplastic cells to invasive malignancy. Prevention of cancer, however, can be accomplished through many strategies, including changes in diet and lifestyle. For example, the vast majority of lung cancers (80-90%) can be attributed to cigarette smoking and therefore, the most effective primary preventive strategy for lung cancer is to quit smoking. Chemoprevention through interruption of multistage careinogenesis include different molecular targets. Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) act as estrogen receptor (ER) agonists. Ligands for the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-gamma) suppress breast carcinogenesis in experimental models and induce differentiation of human liposarcoma cells. Selective PPAR modulators (SPARMs), by analogy to the SERM concept, are designed to have desired effects on specific genes relevant to carcinogenesis. Enzymatic approach in endocrine-related tumors involve inhibition of aromatase to prevent breast cancer and inhibition of 5-alpha-reductase to prevent prostate cancer. Down-regulation of inflammatory prostaglandin synthesis by inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). inhibition of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and stimulation of phase II detoxication system, are currently examined in experimental models and clinical trials. Overall, potential targets in preventive strategies to reduce the risk of cancer involve agonists of endocrine receptors, factors down-regulating inflammation, factors inducing programmed cell death (PCD)/apoptosis, enzymatic inhibitors and gene therapy.