Identification of a cis-element that determines autonomous DNA replication in eukaryotic cells.

A 36-bp human consensus sequence (CCTMDAWKSGBYTSMAAWTWBCMYTTRSCAAATTCC) is capable of supporting autonomous replication of a plasmid after transfection into eukaryotic cells. After transfection and in vitro DNA replication, replicated plasmid DNA containing a mixture of oligonucleotides of this consensus was found to reiterate the consensus. Initiation of DNA replication in vitro occurs within the consensus. One version, A3/4, in pYACneo, could be maintained under selection in HeLa cells, unrearranged and replicating continuously for >170 cell doublings. Stability of plasmid without selection was high (> or =0.9/cell/generation). Homologs of the consensus are found consistently at mammalian chromosomal sites of initiation and within CpG islands. Versions of the consensus function as origins of DNA replication in normal and malignant human cells, immortalized monkey and mouse cells, and normal cow, chicken, and fruit fly cells. Random mutagenesis studies suggest an internal 20-bp consensus sequence of the 36 bp may be sufficient to act as a core origin element. This cis-element consensus sequence is an opportunity for focused analyses of core origin elements and the regulation of initiation of DNA replication.