Anemia in cancer: therapeutic implications and interventions.

Significant progress has been made in the prevention and management of many symptoms associated with cancer and its therapy. Anemia in cancer may be secondary to blood loss, displacement of normal bone marrow cells by malignant cells, myelotoxic therapy, or the tumor itself. Practitioners may not always adequately assess anemia unless it represents a source of significant symptoms or patient distress. Risk factors include platinum-based treatment regimens, specific tumor types, and low baseline hemoglobin levels. Anemia may have an impact on patient performance status, quality of life, clinical symptoms, and possibly therapeutic efficacy and survival. Treatment interventions, directed toward the underlying etiology of the anemia, involve iron supplementation, blood transfusion, and administration of recombinant human erythropoietin. Future advances may include new tools to assess physical or functional symptoms and predict therapeutic response more accurately, and more cost-effective, convenient agents to prevent or treat anemia in cancer. Novel approaches that may add to the armamentarium of strategies designed to address anemia in patients with cancer currently are being developed.