Endometrial cancer: experimental models useful for studies on molecular aspects of endometrial cancer and carcinogenesis.

There is definitely a need for the development of new drugs for the treatment and cure of endometrial cancer. In addition there are various new drugs or phyto-remedies under development which are intended for use in the treatment and prevention of breast cancer, for the treatment of menopausal symptoms and for hormone replacement therapy. The efficacy of novel drugs targeting steroid receptors in endometrial cancers has to be evaluated and the safety of other endocrine measures on endometrial cancers or on endometrial carcinogenesis has to be assessed. For these experimental purposes five main classes of experimental models are available: spontaneous endometrial tumorigenesis models in inbred animals (Donryu rats, DA/Han rats, BDII/Han rats), inoculation tumors from chunks of tumors (rat EnDA-tumor, human EnCa 101 tumor) or from inoculated tumor cell lines (rat RUCA-I cells, human Ishikawa and ECC-1 cells), developmental estrogenic exposure or chemical carcinogen exposure of CD-1 and ICR mice, transgenic approaches such as mice heterozygous regarding the tumor suppressor gene PTEN (pten(+/-)-mice) and endometrial tumor cell lines cultured under conditions promoting in vivo-like morphology and functions e.g. cell culture on reconstituted basement membrane. Although the number of models is comparatively small, most aspects related to functions of estrogenic or gestagenic substances are assessable, particularly if various experimental models are combined. Whereas models based on human endometrial adenocarcinoma cells are widely used, the properties and advantages of animal-derived models have mainly been ignored so far.