Seasonal embolism and xylem vulnerability in deciduous and evergreen Mediterranean trees influenced by proximity to a carbon dioxide spring.

We investigated how proximity to natural CO(2) springs affected the seasonal patterns of xylem embolism in Quercus ilex L., Quercus pubescens Willd., Fraxinus ornus L., Populus tremula L. and Arbutus unedo L., which differ in leaf phenology and wood anatomy. Xylem embolism was evaluated in both artificially dehydrated branches and in hydrated apical branches collected at monthly intervals during a 20-month sampling period. Initial specific hydraulic conductivity was also evaluated. We found species-dependent differences in xylem hydraulic properties in response to elevated CO(2) concentration. Populus tremula was the most embolized and A. unedo was the least embolized of the species examined. Effects of elevated CO(2) were significant in Q. pubescens, P. tremula and A. unedo, whereas the overall response to elevated CO(2) was less evident in F. ornus and Q. ilex. Specific hydraulic conductivity differed among species but not between sites, although the interaction between species and site was significant. Differences in xylem vulnerability between trees growing near to the CO(2) spring and those growing in control areas were small. Although differences in hydraulic properties in response to elevated CO(2) concentration were small, they may be of great importance in determining future community composition in Mediterranean-type forest ecosystems. The possible causes and ecological significance of such differences are discussed in relation to elevated CO(2) concentration and other environmental conditions.