BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Recent reports describe a high rate of thromboembolic events related to Guglielmi detachable coil (GDC) use in the treatment of cerebral aneurysms. The purpose of this study was to investigate electrolysis-related changes of blood as a potential cause of thromboembolic complications associated with GDC use. METHODS: For in vitro observations, 15 GDCs (10 conventional coils and five insulated coils) were experimentally detached under microscopic observation. Three coils were detached in normal saline, five in human serum, and seven in heparinized human blood. For animal experiments, two coils were detached in two canine normal common carotid arteries with systemic heparinization. Immediately after detachment, the arteries were exposed, and clot formations were observed. RESULTS: Significant amounts of gas bubbles were observed in all in vitro observations; more were seen in conventional coils, which required longer detachment times, than in insulated coils. Gas generation started with the growth of tiny bubbles into larger ones. In insulated coils, gas was generated only at the detachment zone, and no difference between saline, serum, and blood environments was observed. During detachment within heparinized blood, clot formations of 2-3-mm diameter were observed at the detachment zones of insulated coils. Animal experiments showed clot formation at the detachment zone, and bubble entrapments around the clots were also found. CONCLUSION: The electrolytic detachment mechanism of the platinum coil can generate gas bubbles during the application of electric current. In association with electrothrombosis, this phenomenon may be a potential cause of thromboembolic complications during the treatment of cerebral aneurysms by use of GDCs.
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Recent reports describe a high rate of thromboembolic events related to Guglielmi detachable coil (GDC) use in the treatment of cerebral aneurysms. The purpose of this study was to investigate electrolysis-related changes of blood as a potential cause of thromboembolic complications associated with GDC use. METHODS: For in vitro observations, 15 GDCs (10 conventional coils and five insulated coils) were experimentally detached under microscopic observation. Three coils were detached in normal saline, five in human serum, and seven in heparinized human blood. For animal experiments, two coils were detached in two canine normal common carotid arteries with systemic heparinization. Immediately after detachment, the arteries were exposed, and clot formations were observed. RESULTS: Significant amounts of gas bubbles were observed in all in vitro observations; more were seen in conventional coils, which required longer detachment times, than in insulated coils. Gas generation started with the growth of tiny bubbles into larger ones. In insulated coils, gas was generated only at the detachment zone, and no difference between saline, serum, and blood environments was observed. During detachment within heparinized blood, clot formations of 2-3-mm diameter were observed at the detachment zones of insulated coils. Animal experiments showed clot formation at the detachment zone, and bubble entrapments around the clots were also found. CONCLUSION: The electrolytic detachment mechanism of the platinum coil can generate gas bubbles during the application of electric current. In association with electrothrombosis, this phenomenon may be a potential cause of thromboembolic complications during the treatment of cerebral aneurysms by use of GDCs.
Authors: G Rordorf; R J Bellon; R E Budzik; J Farkas; G F Reinking; R S Pergolizzi; M Ezzeddine; A M Norbash; R G Gonzalez; C M Putman Journal: AJNR Am J Neuroradiol Date: 2001-01 Impact factor: 3.825
Authors: A Biondi; C Oppenheim; E Vivas; A Casasco; T Lalam; N Sourour; L L Jean; D Dormont; C Marsault Journal: AJNR Am J Neuroradiol Date: 2000-05 Impact factor: 4.966
Authors: Jennifer N Rodriguez; Wonjun Hwang; John Horn; Todd L Landsman; Anthony Boyle; Mark A Wierzbicki; Sayyeda M Hasan; Douglas Follmer; Jesse Bryant; Ward Small; Duncan J Maitland Journal: J Biomed Mater Res A Date: 2014-08-04 Impact factor: 4.396