Transplantation of cells for cardiac repair.

The inability of adult cardiomyocytes to divide to a significant extent and regenerate the myocardium after injury leads to permanent deficits in the number of functional cells, which can contribute to the development and progression of heart failure. The transplantation of skeletal myoblasts or stem cells or cardiomyocytes derived from them into the injured myocardium is a novel and promising approach in the treatment of cardiac disease and the restoration of myocardial function. In this article, skeletal myoblasts and embryonic and bone marrow stem cells are discussed in the context of their potential therapeutic use in cardiac failure. The state of the art in both laboratory and clinic is presented. We discuss current and intrinsic limitations of cardiac cellular transplantation and suggest directions for future research.