Violacein and its beta-cyclodextrin complexes induce apoptosis and differentiation in HL60 cells.

Violacein, a pigment isolated from Chromobacterium violaceum, has been reported to have multiple biological activities including in vitro antitumor effects. Certain anticancer agents are known to induce apoptosis in human tumor cell lines. In this work, our aim was to investigate the effectiveness of violacein/beta-cyclodextrin (beta-CD)-containing systems to produce lethal effects in the human promyelocytic leukemia cell line HL60. Using the MTT tetrazolium reduction test, IC(50) for the inclusion complexes (1:1 and 1:2 violacein:beta-CD molar ratios) and violacein alone were less than 1 microM. Violacein and violacein/beta-CD complexes were able to induce NBT reduction. Moreover, by using the Feulgen reaction, all the compounds were found to trigger apoptosis in HL60 cells, inducing around 35% of DNA fragmentation, as analyzed through the diphenylamine assay. In addition, caspases seem to play an important role in the activation of the executioner phase of apoptosis induced by violacein and its derivatives.