Acupuncture and substance abuse: a synopsis, with indications for further research.

Alcoholism and drug addiction are rampant in our society. Although current treatment works better than nothing, the search for more effective interventions continues. Incorporating acupuncture into existing programs offers a promising approach. Proponents say ear acupuncture alleviates acute opiate withdrawal, reduces craving for all substances, and helps retain patients in treatment. Over 25 years of clinical experience has supported this claim, but scientific research has been sketchy, complicated by technical difficulties and often poorly designed. This article reviews the literature and offers a neurochemical model for future research.