Vascular endothelial growth factor-D is an independent prognostic factor in epithelial ovarian carcinoma.

We assessed the presence of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-C, VEGF-D and their receptor VEGFR-3 by immunohistochemistry in 59 epithelial ovarian carcinomas, 11 borderline tumours and 20 benign cystadenomas. VEGF-C and VEGF-D were generally expressed in tumour cells and also in endothelia adjacent to tumour nests which showed a strong staining for them. VEGFR-3 was expressed in lymphatic and vascular endothelial cells adjacent to tumour nests. Immunoreactivity was significantly more frequent as lesions progressed from a benign tumour to advanced carcinoma. A strong correlation was found between VEGF-C and VEGF-D detected in carcinoma and VEGFR-3 detected in neighbouring endothelial cells. Increased expression of VEGF-C, VEGF-D and VEGFR-3 was significantly associated with lymph node metastasis and peritoneal metastasis outside the pelvis. There was a significant correlation between the high levels of VEGF-C and VEGF-D proteins, and poor survival. The presence of VEGF-D was an independent prognostic indicator by multivariate analysis. We conclude that VEGF-C, VEGF-D and VEGFR-3 play an important role in lymphatic spread and intraperitoneal tumour development in ovarian carcinoma. Since VEGF-D was found to be an independent predictor of poor outcome, its measurement, together with other prognostic markers may improve prospective identification of patients with a poor prognosis.

Survival rates for patients with epithelial ovarian carcinoma have shown modest improvement in the past decade, but remain unsatisfactory (Yokoyama ). Ovarian carcinoma has the highest mortality rate among gynaecological malignancies. When the disease is limited to the ovaries, the 5-year survival rate is more than 90%, whereas when it has extended to the intra-abdominal or retroperitoneal cavity, the survival rate decreases to only 30% (Greenlee ). Established prognostic parameters for epithelial ovarian carcinomas include surgical staging, histological subtype, grading, lymph node metastasis and residual tumour after cytoreductive surgery (Yokoyama ), but there is a lack of clinically reliable molecular markers for assessing prognosis in ovarian carcinoma. Thus, it is urgently required to identify additional prognostic parameters and to clarify the mechanism by which tumour spreads from the ovaries to distant sites.

It is well established that angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels, is necessary for the growth and metastatic spread of solid tumours (Folkman, 1990). Tumour progression is regulated by numerous stimulators and inhibitors of tumour angiogenesis (Folkman, 1995). Among angiogenic stimulators, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A plays essential roles in vasculogenesis and angiogenesis (Beck and D'Amore, 1997), and plays a crucial role in tumour angiogenesis in a variety of carcinomas (Ellis and Fidler, 1996). However, the significant roles of other VEGF family members, VEGF-B, VEGF-C, VEGF-D and placenta growth factor (PLGF) in tumour angiogenesis and metastasis are not fully known (Nicosia, 1998).

VEGF-C stimulates the proliferation of both vascular and lymphatic endothelial cells in vitro (Joukov ; Pepper ), and promotes angiogenesis or hyperplasia of lymphatic vessels in vivo (Jeltsch ; Cao ; Witzenbichler ) via VEGF receptor (VEGFR)-2 (KDR) and VEGFR-3 (Flt-4). VEGFR-2 is predominantly expressed by activated endothelia of blood vessels (Joukov ; Neufeld ) and VEGFR-3 is predominantly expressed by lymphatic endothelia (Kaipainen ; Jussila ). Increased levels of VEGFR-3 have been detected in lymphatic endothelia adjacent to carcinoma cells and in lymph nodes containing carcinoma metastases (Kaipainen ; Jussila ). VEGF-D, known as c-fos-induced growth factor (Orlandini ), also binds to and activates VEGFR-2 and VEGFR-3 (Achen ; Baldwin ), suggesting a role for VEGF-D in tumour angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis. Recent work has provided direct evidence that VEGF-C and VEGF-D are not only important regulators of tumour-induced lymphangiogenesis, but also enhance lymphatic metastasis in mouse tumour models (Mandriota ; Skobe ; Stacker ). A soluble form of VEGFR-3 has been found to be a potent inhibitor of VEGF-C and VEGF-D signalling when expressed in the skin of transgenic mice (Makinen ).

Identification of a correlation between the presence of VEGF-C and VEGF-D and patient survival as well as lymphatic metastasis in different carcinoma types might lead to a novel therapeutic approach to prevent tumour progression in many carcinomas.

In this retrospective study, we assessed the presence of VEGF-C, VEGF-D and VEGFR-3 in benign tumours, borderline tumours and carcinomas of the ovary by immunohistochemistry. We determined their relation to known prognostic factors for ovarian carcinoma.

Materials and methods

Study population and tissues

Immunohistochemical examination was performed retrospectively on 90 epithelial ovarian tumours obtained from women who were surgically treated at the Hirosaki University Hospital between 1989 and 2000 after informed consent had been obtained. The tissue specimens included 59 epithelial ovarian carcinomas, 11 borderline tumours and 20 benign cystadenomas. All patients with epithelial ovarian carcinoma were surgically staged in accordance with the 1988 International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) criteria. Namely, they underwent total hysterectomy, bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, partial omentectomy, appendectomy, and pelvic and para-aortic lymphadenectomies. Patients included in this study had not received any preoperative chemotherapy. The breakdown for stages of ovarian carcinomas consisted of 27 patients with stage I, six with stage II, 19 with stage III and seven with stage IV. Histological types were classified into 32 cases with serous cystadenocarcinoma, seven with mucinous cystadenocarcinoma, 12 with endometrioid adenocarcinoma, six with clear cell adenocarcinoma, and two with undifferentiated adenocarcinoma. All cases were re-evaluated for histological type and grade by the same gynaecological pathologist (SS). All patients with ovarian carcinoma received postoperative chemotherapy combining cisplatin (60 mgm−2), epirubicin (40 mg m−2) and cyclophosphamide (300 mgm−2). The duration of follow-up ranged from 8 to 156 months (median, 54 months). During that median follow-up period, there were 20 carcinoma-specific deaths. The mean age of patients with ovarian carcinoma at surgery was 54.1 years (range, 28–78 years). Of the 11 borderline tumours, six were serous, and five mucinous. Of the 20 benign cystadenomas, 12 were serous, and eight mucinous. Patients with benign or borderline tumours did not receive any postoperative chemo-therapy and all of them remained alive at the end of the study.

Immunohistochemistry

Goat polyclonal anti-VEGF-C (Cat No. AF752), anti-VEGF-D (Cat No. AF286) and anti-VEGFR-3 (Cat No. AF349) antibodies were purchased from R&D Systems (Abingdon, UK). Anti-VEGF-C, anti-VEGF-D and anti-VEGFR-3 antibodies were used at a concentration of 5, 5 and 1 μg ml−1, respectively. All samples surgically obtained for immunohistochemistry were immediately fixed in formaldehyde and embedded in paraffin wax. Tissue sections (6 μm) were passed through xylene and graded alcohols. Sections were placed in 0.01 M citrate buffer, pH 6.0, and heated at 800 W in a microwave oven for 5 min to retrieve tissue antigen. The sections were treated with 0.3% hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in methanol for 10 min to quench the endogenous peroxidase activity within the tissue. Nonspecific binding sites were blocked with 1% BSA and 20% heat-inactivated rabbit serum in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) for 30 min at room temperature (RT). The sections were incubated overnight at 4°C in the presence of the primary antibody. Then slides were washed (three changes over 1 h) in PBS containing 0.1% Tween 20 (PBS/Tween), before the application of the secondary biotinylated antibody (DAKO, Kyoto, Japan). Tissue was incubated with secondary antibody for 1 h at RT before being washed for 15 min with three changes of PBS/Tween. The sections were then incubated for 30 min with avidin-biotinylated–horseradish peroxidase complex (Vectastain Elite ABC kit, Vector Lab., Peterborough, UK) and reactivity visualised with 0.02% 3,3′-diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride (DAB, Sigma) as a chromogen in Tris-HCl buffer (pH 7.6) containing 0.03% H2O2. The sections were counterstained with Mayer's Haemalum. For each antibody, negative control studies were performed in which normal goat serum was used instead of the primary antibody. No significant staining was observed in the negative control sections. As positive controls, formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded sections from normal human placenta were stained for VEGF-C and VEGF-D, and paraffin sections from human endometrial adenocarcinoma known to express VEGFR-3 (Yokoyama ) were stained by the same procedure. Two observers independently evaluated and interpreted the results of immunohistochemical staining, without knowledge of the clinical data of each patient. VEGF-C and VEGF-D staining were assessed by estimating the percentage of tumour cells in which staining was as intense as that of positive control cells or more intense than it and placing tumours into four groups: −(0%), negative; ±(<10%), weak; +(10–50%), moderate; ++(>50%), strong. Faint or equivocal immunoreaction was ignored. Tumours were considered positive when they showed moderate or strong staining for VEGF-C and VEGF-D (Umemoto ). Regarding VEGFR-3 staining, cases in which at least 5% of endothelial cells adjacent to tumour nests were as strongly immunoreactive as positive control cells were considered positive (Kajita ). We also carried out immunostaining on the serial sections using anti-CD31 antibody (R&D Systems, Abingdon, UK, Cat No. BBA7) to distinguish lymphatic from vascular endothelium. We detected VEGFR-3 expression on both lymphatic and vascular endothelia neighbouring tumour nests.

Statistical analysis

The statistical significance of the relation between detection of VEGF-C, VEGF-D and VEGFR-3 and clinico-pathological factors was evaluated with univariate analysis using χ2 test and Fisher's exact probability test. Carcinoma-specific survival rates were calculated by the Kaplan–Meier method, and the statistical significance of differences in the cumulative survival curves between the groups was evaluated by the log-rank test. Multivariate survival analysis was performed using Cox's propor tional hazard method. Other statistical analysis was carried out using the Mann–Whitney U-test. A result was deemed significant at P<0.05.

Results

Detection of VEGF-C and VEGF-D in ovarian tumours, and detection of VEGFR-3 in endothelial cells adjacent to tumour nests

The frequencies of detection of VEGF-C and VEGF-D in ovarian tumours and those of VEGFR-3 in endothelial cells adjacent to tumour nests are demonstrated in Table 1 . In benign tumours, tumour cells failed to stain or showed very weak staining for VEGF-C and VEGF-D. Approximately 80% of borderline tumours failed to stain or showed weak staining for VEGF-C and VEGF-D, while a few cases showed moderate staining. Correspondingly, 90 and 72% of benign and borderline tumours failed to stain for VEGFR-3 in endothelial cells adjacent to tumour cells, respectively. In ovarian carcinomas, 66 and 63% of cases showed moderate or strong staining for VEGF-C and VEGF-D, respectively. In all, 57% of ovarian carcinomas stained positively for VEGFR-3 in endothelial cells adjacent to the carcinoma.

Table 1

Detection of VEGF-C, VEGF-D and VEGFR-3 in ovarian tumours

Tissues	No. of patients	VEGF-C detection (%)	VEGF-D detection (%)	VEGFR-3 detection (EC) (%)
		0	<10%	10–50%	50% <	0	<10%	10–50%	50% <	Negative	Positive
Benign tumour	20	12(60.0)	8(40.0)	0	0	14(70.0)	6(30.0)	0	0	18(90.0)	2(10.0)
Borderline tumour	11	4(36.4)	5(45.4)	2(18.2)	0	6(54.5)	3(27.3)	2(18.2)	0	8(72.7)	3(27.3)
Carcinoma	59	0	20(33.9)	17(28.8)	22(37.3)	4(6.8)	18(30.5)	22(37.3)	15(25.4)	25(42.4)	34(57.6)

The incidence of VEGF-C and VEGF-D detected in carcinomas was significantly higher than that detected in benign tumours (Mann–Whitney U-test, P<0.0001, respectively) and borderline tumours (Mann–Whitney U-test, P=0.0002 and 0.0007, respectively). The frequency of VEGFR-3 detected in carcinomas was significantly higher than that detected in benign tumours (χ2 P<0.0002) and high with a marginal significance compared to that detected in borderline tumours (χ2, P=0.06). There was no significant difference in the levels of VEGF-C, VEGF-D and VEGFR-3 positivity between samples of benign and borderline tumours.

There was no significant difference in the levels of VEGF-C, VEGF-D and VEGFR-3 positivity between samples of benign and borderline tumours (Table 1). The incidence of VEGF-C and VEGF-D detected in ovarian carcinomas was significantly higher than that detected in benign tumours (Table 1, P<0.0001, respectively) and borderline tumours (Table 1, P=0.0002 and 0.0007, respectively). Similarly, the frequency of VEGFR-3 detected in ovarian carcinomas was significantly higher than that detected in benign tumours (Table 1, P<0.0002). VEGF-C and VEGF-D were, in general, homogeneously stained in the cytoplasm of tumour cells in positive cases (Figure 1). Moreover, they were also expressed in lymphatic and vascular endothelia adjacent to the carcinoma showing strong staining for them (Figure 1). VEGFR-3 was detected in both lymphatic and vascular endothelial cells adjacent to tumour nests in positive cases (Figure 2). VEGFR-3 staining also highlighted vessel invasion by carcinoma cells (Figure 2).

Figure 1

Immunohistochemical staining of VEGF-D in ovarian tumours and positive control. (A) Positive control in placental vessel and villi (scale bar, 25 mm). (B) Negative staining in benign cystadenoma (scale bar, 25 mm). (C, D, E, and F) −: negative, ±: weak, +: moderate, ++: strong, respectively, in epithelial ovarian carcinoma tissues (scale bar in C and D: 25 mm, scale bar in E and F: 50 mm). Arrows in F show VEGF-D-positive lymphatic and vascular endothelia adjacent to the carcinoma.

Figure 2

Immunohistochemical staining of VEGFR-3 and VEGF-D in endothelial cells adjacent to carcinoma. (A) VEGFR-3-positive lymphatic and vascular endothelial cells (scale bar, 25 mm). (B) VEGFR-3 staining highlighted vessel invasion by carcinoma cells (arrows) (scale bar, 25 mm). VEGF-D-positive endothelial cells (C) in vessels invaded by ovarian carcinoma was positive for VEGFR-3 (D) (scale bars 25 mm). Arrows on each inset show endothelia that were positive for VEGF-D (C) or VEGFR-3 (D). Asterisks on each inset reveal carcinoma cell (scale bars on inset, 12.5 mm).

Correlation between detection of VEGF-C, VEGF-D and VEGFR-3, and clinico-pathological factors, and relation between detections of VEGF-C or VEGF-D and VEGFR-3 in ovarian carcinomas

When a case with moderate or strong staining was regarded as positive, 39 (66.1%) and 37 (62.7%) of the 59 ovarian carcinomas were positive for VEGF-C and VEGF-D, respectively.

The correlation between the presence of VEGF-C, VEGF-D and VEGFR-3, and clinico-pathological factors in ovarian carcinomas is displayed in Table 2 . The presence of VEGF-C, VEGF-D and VEGFR-3 had no correlation to histological type, grade, distant metastasis or age at surgery. Ovarian carcinomas with lymph node metastasis showed a significantly stronger staining for VEGF-C, VEGF-D and VEGFR-3 than those without (Table 2). Also, the levels of VEGF-C, VEGF-D and VEGFR-3 proteins significantly increased according to the presence of peritoneal metastasis outside the pelvis (Table 2). A significant positive correlation was found between VEGF-C and VEGF-D detected in carcinoma cells and VEGFR-3 detected in endothelial cells adjacent to the carcinoma (Table 2).

Table 2

Relationship between detection of VEGF-C, VEGF-D and VEGFR-3 and clinico-pathological factors in ovarian carcinoma

Factors	No. of patients	No. (%) of VEGF-C positive case	P-value	No. (%) of VEGF-D positive case	P-value	No. (%) of VEGFR-3 positive case	P-value
Peritoneal metastasis outside the pelvis
Negative	39	22(56.4)		21(53.8)		20(51.3)
Positive	20	17(85.0)	0.03	16(80.0)	0.04	16(80.0)	0.03
Lymph node metastasis
Negative	44	25(56.8)		24(54.5)		21(47.7)
Positive	15	14(93.3)	0.008	13(86.7)	0.02	15(100)	1E-04
Distant metastasis
Negative	55	35(63.6)		34(61.8)		33(60.0)
Positive	4	4(100)	NS	3(75.0)	NS	3(75.0)	NS
Age
⩽60	37	22(59.5)		22(59.5)		23(62.1)
60	22	17(77.3)	NS	15(68.2)	NS	13(59.1)	NS
Histology type
Serous	32	22(68.7)		22(68.7)		21(65.6)
Nonserous	27	17(63.0)	NS	15(55.6)	NS	15(55.6)	NS
Histological grade
Well	36	22(61.1)		21(58.3)		19(52.8)
Moderate	15	11(73.3)		10(66.7)		12(80.0)
Poor	8	6(75.0)	NS	6(75.0)	NS	5(62.5)	NS
VEGFR-3
Negative	23	11(47.8)		10(43.5)		—
Positive	36	28(77.8)	0.02	27(75.0)	0.02	—

Survival of patients with ovarian carcinomas according to clinico-pathological factors and VEGF-C, VEGF-D or VEGFR-3 detection

We examined carcinoma-specific survival among patients with ovarian carcinoma using univariate analysis according to clinico-pathological factors and the presence of VEGF-C, VEGF-D and VEGFR-3 (Table 3 ). The 10-year survival rate of the 22 patients with VEGF-D-negative carcinoma was 85.1%, whereas that of the 37 patients with VEGF-D-positive carcinoma was 30.2% (Table 3, log-rank, P<0.002). While the presence of VEGF-C significantly correlated with poor prognosis (Table 3, log-rank, P=0.046), that of VEGFR-3 was not a significant prognostic parameter in ovarian carcinoma (Table 3, log-rank P=0.13). Other prognostic factors with significance in univariate analysis were peritoneal metastasis outside the pelvis, lymph node metastasis and age at surgery (Table 3).

Table 3

Kaplan–Meier survival analysis: Carcinoma-specific survival in ovarian carcinomas according to clinico-pathological factors and VEGF-C, VEGF-D or VEGFR-3 detection

Variable	No. of patients	10-year survival rate (%)	χ2	Logrank P-value
VEGF-C			3.956	0.046
Negative	20	79.2
Positive	39	40.1
VEGF-D			9.365	0.002
Negative	22	85.1
Positive	37	30.2
VEGFR-3			2.282	0.13
Negative	23	69.5
Positive	36	22.7
Peritoneal metastasis outside the pelvis			23.524	<0.0001
Negative	39	75.2
Positive	20	Not reached
Lymph node metastasis			25.372	<0.0001
Negative	44	69.1
Positive	15	9.7
Distant metastasis			1.707	0.19
Negative	55	50
Positive	4	50
Age			4.736	0.03
⩽60	37	56.2
60	22	36.1
Histological type			1.789	0.18
Serous	32	31.6
Nonserous	27	63.3
Histological grade			3.669	0.055
Well	36	69.8
Moderate and poor	23	Not reached

We then performed a multivariate regression analysis to determine the independent value of each parameter predicting carcinoma-specific survival (Table 4 ). Using Cox regression analysis, we examined prognostic parameters of ovarian carcinomas that were significant in univariate analysis. The presence of VEGF-D was an independent prognostic factor for poor survival (Table 4, relative risk: 8.2, 95% CI: 2.33–83.33). Other independent prognostic factors related to poor survival were lymph node metastasis and age at surgery (Table 4).

Table 4

Determination of independent factors affecting survival using Cox regression model

	Carcinoma-specific survival
Variables	Relative risk	95% CI	P-value
VEGF-C
Negative	1
Positive	2.7	0.72–37.51	0.101
VEGF-D
Negative	1
Positive	8.2	2.33–83.33	0.004
Peritoneal metastasis outside the pelvis
Negative	1
Positive	2.2	0.66–19.61	0.138
Lymph node metastasis
Negative	1
Positive	5.7	1.44–38.46	0.017
Age
⩽60	1
60	12.1	2.72–35.71	0.001

Discussion

We have investigated the distribution of VEGF-C, VEGF-D and VEGFR-3 during progression from a benign tumour to carcinoma. Immunopositivity became more frequent with progression from a benign tumour to carcinoma (Table 1). Each antigen stained more intensely in cases of carcinoma than in benign or borderline tumours (Table 1). Staining was significantly stronger in advanced disease (Table 2). While VEGF-A is involved in tumour progression and maintenance, relatively little is known of the physio-logical role of other members of the VEGF family in tumour progression. Our previous in situ hybridisation study suggested that VEGF-B might play a significant role in progression of ovarian tumours (Sowter ). The present immunohistochemical results suggest a significant role for VEGF-C and VEGF-D in ovarian tumorigenesis. With regard to the association of VEGFR-3 with tumorigenesis, there have been very few reports to date and its contribution to tumour progression is less well understood. While VEGFR-3 expression significantly correlates with tumour progression in breast carcinoma (Gunningham ), no correlation was found in colon carcinoma (Andre ). The present immunohistochemical results provide evidence for a possible role for VEGFR-3 in ovarian tumorigenesis.

We have shown that increased levels of VEGF-D protein in ovarian carcinoma are significantly related to peritoneal metastasis outside the pelvis and lymph node metastasis (Table 2). Moreover, increase of VEGF-D protein is independently associated with poor survival in patients with this disease (Table 4). Two recent studies on colorectal carcinoma (CRC) reported contradictory results concerning the relation between VEGF-D detection, clinical parameter and outcome. White showed that high levels of VEGF-D were significantly associated with lymph node involvement and poor survival in CRC, whereas George found significantly lower levels of VEGF-D in CRC than in normal mucosa and no association between the presence of VEGF-D and lymphatic spread. Similarly, low levels of VEGF-D correlate with lymph node metastasis in lung adenocarcinoma (Niki ), and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (O-charoenrat ). However, a significant relation of VEGF-D detection with lymphatic spread has been found in breast carcinoma (Kurebayashi ). These discrepancies may depend on differences of methodology or antibodies used in each experiment, or may be because of the specific carcinoma explored. Most of these previous studies lacked survival analysis. The present study is the first report to show that VEGF-D is an independent prognostic factor in ovarian carcinomas.

We have also shown a significant association between VEGF-C detection and peritoneal metastasis outside the pelvis as well as lymph node metastasis in ovarian carcinoma (Table 2). In addition, the ovarian carcinoma patients with high levels of VEGF-C protein had a significantly worse prognosis compared to those without (Table 3), although the presence of VEGF-C did not retain significance after multivariate analysis (Table 4). A positive association of VEGF-C protein levels with lymph node metastasis has been found in a variety of carcinomas including stomach, lung, colorectal, oesophageal, prostatic and endometrioid (Tsurusaki ; Yonemura ; Akagi ; Niki ; Hirai ; Kajita ; Kitadai ). Several previous studies have shown a prognostic aspect of VEGF-C detection in carcinoma tissues. Ichikura reported that high levels of VEGF-C was an independent prognostic determinant in gastric carcinoma, whereas Kajita found no independent impact of VEGF-C detection in nonsmall cell lung carcinoma outcome. Although we could not find prognostic independence of VEGF-C detected in ovarian carcinoma, to the best of our knowledge, this is also the first report documenting a prognostic aspect of VEGF-C expression in this disease.

Recent studies suggest a correlation between the presence of VEGFR-3 and clinical parameters and prognosis in human malignancies. While VEGFR-3 protein levels were not related to lymphatic spread in gastric and breast carcinoma (Yonemura ; Jacquemier ), VEGFR-3 detection was found to predict the presence of lymphatic metastases in oral squamous cell carcinoma (Moriyama ). In the present study, we found a significant correlation between VEGFR-3 expression and lymph node metastasis (Table 2). However, we did not find that outcome was predicted by the presence of VEGFR-3 in endothelial cells adjacent to tumour nests (Table 3), which is consistent with similar studies in breast, nonsmall cell lung and colorectal carcinoma (Jacquemier ; Kajita ; White ).

In the present study, a significant positive correlation was found between VEGF-C or VEGF-D detected in carcinoma cells and VEGFR-3 detected in endothelial cells adjacent to tumour nests (Table 2). A significant association between the levels of detection of VEGF-C and VEGFR-3 has also been found in malignant mesothelioma, gastric carcinoma and nonsmall cell lung carcinoma (Ohta ; Yonemura ; Kajita ), whereas there was no association between VEGF-D and VEGFR-3 detection in colorectal carcinoma (White ). The present result suggests that VEGF-D and VEGF-C secreted by ovarian carcinoma cells may be able to modulate lymphatic spread and intraperitoneal tumour dissemination through upregulation of VEGFR-3 in endothelial cells of both lymphatic and vascular vessels. We found that VEGFR-3 was expressed not only within lymphatic but also within vascular vessels neighbouring carcinoma nests. VEGFR-3 has been proposed to be a specific marker for lymphatic endothelial cells (Jussila ; Breiteneder-Geleff ) and to play a key role in lymphangiogenesis (Jeltsch ). However, a recent study showed that VEGFR-3 is expressed in the vascular endothelium of breast carcinoma (Valtola ). Moreover, two more recent studies indicated an association between VEGFR-3 and angiogenesis as well as lymphangiogenesis. Witmer reported that VEGFR-3 was localised in the cytoplasm and on the cell membrane of endothelial cells of sprouting blood vessels and sprouting lymphatic vessels. Niki found that most VEGFR-3 positive vessels detected in invasive lung adenocarcinoma were blood vessels with only a limited number having the characteristics of lymphatic vessels.

Both VEGF-C and VEGF-D were detected not only in carcinoma cells, but also in lymphatic and vascular endothelia adjacent to carcinoma showing strong positive staining (Figure 1). However, they were not detected in vessels distant from the carcinoma. This could simply reflect the expression of VEGF-C and VEGF-D bound to their receptors. Indeed, most of the VEGF-C- and VEGF-D-positive vessels adjacent to ovarian carcinoma examined in this study were also positive for VEGFR-3 (Figure 2). This suggests that they contribute to the regulation of tumour angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis by establishing a paracrine mechanism in ovarian carcinoma. However, Birner demonstrated that lymphatic microvessel density did not correlate with the progression of epithelial ovarian carcinoma. Thus, although we did not measure microvessel density in this study, it may be necessary in large scale to elucidate a possible role of VEGFR-3 in lymphangiogenesis.

This study clarified that VEGF-C and VEGF-D detected in the carcinoma and VEGFR-3 detected in adjacent endothelial cells have a significant impact on lymph node metastases and intraperitoneal tumour development in ovarian carcinoma. Interestingly, the presence of VEGF-D, but not that of VEGF-C and VEGFR-3, was found to be an independent prognostic factor in ovarian carcinoma. A mechanistic explanation for the prognostic independence of VEGF-D remains unclear. One possible interpretation is that VEGF-D expression is under the control of the c-fos proto-oncogene product, which is essential for malignant progression (Orlandini ). Recently, high expression of VEGF-D has been found to correlate with the upregulation of Fra-1, a member of the AP-1 family of transcription factors (Debinski ). High levels of AP-1 protein including Fra-1 are related to malignant phenotype and to more advanced stages of disease (Battista ; Zoumpourlis ). Collectively, these findings suggest an important role for VEGF-D in transforming the tumour cells into cells with a more malignant nature. However, VEGF-D expression did not correlate with poor-differentiated grade known to possess malignant phenotype in this study. This discrepancy might be explained partly by recent report that gene expression patterns in ovarian carcinomas reflect both morphological features and biological behaviour, regardless of grade using oligonucleotide microarrays (Schwartz ).

The determination of the presence of VEGF-D in combination with other prognostic factors may enhance the potential to prospectively identify ovarian carcinoma patients who are at risk for poor outcome. Although large-scale studies are necessary to establish the usefulness of VEGF-D expression as a prognostic predictor, VEGF-D may be a promising target for antilymphangiogenic and antiangiogenic therapy in the primary and secondary chemoprevention of ovarian carcinoma.