Strategies for optimizing immunosuppression in adolescent transplant recipients: a focus on liver transplantation.

Adolescence is a difficult time for transplant recipients; they must learn to take responsibility for their own behavior and medication, and to balance their developing sexuality in a body that has been transformed by the adverse effects of immunosuppression. More than 80% of children survive transplantation to adolescence and adulthood, thus long-term outcome and tailoring of immunosuppression is of great importance. To date, the most experience with long-term immunosuppression regimens is cyclosporine, which is well tolerated and effective. Long-term adverse effects include hypertension, nephrotoxicity, and post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease (PTLD). The recent development of tacrolimus has improved the cosmetic adverse effects related to cyclosporine, but has similar rates of hypertension and nephrotoxicity, and possibly a higher rate of PTLD. There has been a recent, welcome development in renal sparing drugs, such as mycophenolate mofetil, which has no cosmetic adverse effects, does not require drug level monitoring and is thus particularly attractive to teenagers. Recent surveys demonstrate recovery of renal function with mycophenolate mofetil, if started prior to irreversible renal dysfunction. There are currently little published data on the use of sirolimus (rapamycin) in the pediatric population, but preliminary studies suggest that the future use of interleukin-2 receptor antibodies may be beneficial for immediate post-transplant induction of immunosuppression. It is important when planning immunosuppression for adolescents to consider the effects of drug therapy on both males and females in order to maintain fertility and to ensure safety in pregnancy. Noncompliance is a problem in this age group, but adequate practical measures and support should reduce noncompliance, and allow good, long-term graft function.