Sensitivity and specificity of memory dysfunction in schizophrenia: a comparison with major depression.

Fifty-three schizophrenic subjects were compared to 50 patients with major depression and 50 normal controls on measures of working memory, declarative memory and malingering. The schizophrenic group scored 1-2 SDs below controls on all measures, while depressive patients exposed only lesser deficits in working memory and free recall. The memory deficit of the schizophrenic subjects was disproportionately greater than their intellectual decline. Differences between clinical groups could not be explained by differences in IQ, clinical symptom load or demographic characteristics. This indicates that impaired memory is a particular sensitive symptom of schizophrenia and that the impairment is specific to the illness. Working memory failure was prominent in both clinical groups. The schizophrenic subjects displayed primarily an acquisition failure, while the depressed group showed retrieval difficulties.