BACKGROUND: The prevalence of adiposity in childhood is increasing. Is breast-feeding protective as suggested by cross-sectional studies? OBJECTIVE: In a longitudinal birth cohort study, we tested whether breast-feeding for more than 2 months has preventive effects against overweight and adiposity at 6 y. DESIGN: Of 1314 children representing the catchment areas of six delivery units, 918 could be followed up to the age of 6 y. Height, weight, and skin-fold thickness were measured at regular visits. As the criteria of overweight, obesity, and adiposity in the children, the 90th and the 97th percentiles of BMI and skin-fold values were used. Parents with a BMI at or above the 90th percentile, which was 27 kg/m(2) or more, were considered overweight. Infants bottle-fed from birth or breast-fed for less than 3 months were classified as 'bottle-fed' (BO), and those breast-fed for 3 months and more as 'breast-fed' (BR). Univariate comparisons and logistic regression analysis were performed applying SAS 6.12. The final logistic model consisted of the 480 cases for whom complete data for all variables were available. The potential effect of loss to follow-up was analysed by the Cochran-Mantel-Haenzel test: the outcomes were not significantly influenced by loss to follow-up. RESULTS: At birth BMIs were nearly identical in both groups. By 3 months, BO had significantly higher BMIs and thicker skin folds than BR. From 6 months on, compared to BR, a consistently higher proportion of BO children exceeded the 90th and the 97th percentile of BMI and skin-fold thickness reference values. From the age of 4 y to 5 and 6 y, in BO the prevalence of obesity nearly doubled and tripled, respectively. With only minor changes of obesity prevalence in BR, the difference of BMI and skin-fold thickness between groups became statistically significant. Logistic regression analysis revealed that overweight of the mother, maternal smoking during pregnancy, bottle feeding, and low social status remained important risk factors for overweight and adiposity at 6 y of age. CONCLUSION: A maternal BMI of > or =27, bottle-feeding, maternal smoking during pregnancy, and low social status are risk factors for overweight and adiposity at 6 y of age. Early bottle-feeding brings forward the obesity rebound, predictive of obesity in later life.
BACKGROUND: The prevalence of adiposity in childhood is increasing. Is breast-feeding protective as suggested by cross-sectional studies? OBJECTIVE: In a longitudinal birth cohort study, we tested whether breast-feeding for more than 2 months has preventive effects against overweight and adiposity at 6 y. DESIGN: Of 1314 children representing the catchment areas of six delivery units, 918 could be followed up to the age of 6 y. Height, weight, and skin-fold thickness were measured at regular visits. As the criteria of overweight, obesity, and adiposity in the children, the 90th and the 97th percentiles of BMI and skin-fold values were used. Parents with a BMI at or above the 90th percentile, which was 27 kg/m(2) or more, were considered overweight. Infants bottle-fed from birth or breast-fed for less than 3 months were classified as 'bottle-fed' (BO), and those breast-fed for 3 months and more as 'breast-fed' (BR). Univariate comparisons and logistic regression analysis were performed applying SAS 6.12. The final logistic model consisted of the 480 cases for whom complete data for all variables were available. The potential effect of loss to follow-up was analysed by the Cochran-Mantel-Haenzel test: the outcomes were not significantly influenced by loss to follow-up. RESULTS: At birth BMIs were nearly identical in both groups. By 3 months, BO had significantly higher BMIs and thicker skin folds than BR. From 6 months on, compared to BR, a consistently higher proportion of BO children exceeded the 90th and the 97th percentile of BMI and skin-fold thickness reference values. From the age of 4 y to 5 and 6 y, in BO the prevalence of obesity nearly doubled and tripled, respectively. With only minor changes of obesity prevalence in BR, the difference of BMI and skin-fold thickness between groups became statistically significant. Logistic regression analysis revealed that overweight of the mother, maternal smoking during pregnancy, bottle feeding, and low social status remained important risk factors for overweight and adiposity at 6 y of age. CONCLUSION: A maternal BMI of > or =27, bottle-feeding, maternal smoking during pregnancy, and low social status are risk factors for overweight and adiposity at 6 y of age. Early bottle-feeding brings forward the obesity rebound, predictive of obesity in later life.
Authors: Jie Fan; Jie Ping; Jie Xiang; Yi-Song Rao; Wan-Xia Zhang; Ting Chen; Li Zhang; You-E Yan Journal: Toxicol Res (Camb) Date: 2016-07-21 Impact factor: 3.524
Authors: Krisztian Gorog; Sam Pattenden; Temenuga Antova; Emilia Niciu; Peter Rudnai; Salome Scholtens; Anna Splichalova; Katarina Slotova; Zoltán Vokó; Renata Zlotkowska; Danny Houthuijs Journal: Matern Child Health J Date: 2011-10
Authors: Leonardo Trasande; Chris Cronk; Maureen Durkin; Marianne Weiss; Dale A Schoeller; Elizabeth A Gall; Jeanne B Hewitt; Aaron L Carrel; Philip J Landrigan; Matthew W Gillman Journal: Environ Health Perspect Date: 2008-09-12 Impact factor: 9.031