Comparative analysis of chloroplast DNA in Pyrus species: physical map and gene localization.

A physical map of chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) of pear [Pyrus ussuriensis var. hondoensis (Nakai et Kikuchi) Rehder] was constructed using five restriction enzymes, SalI, XhoI, BamHI, SacI and PstI. This information will make it possible to investigate the phylogenetic relationships between Pyrus species. Pear cpDNA was found to be a circular molecule with a total size of about 156 kb in which two inverted repeats of 24.8 kb divide the molecule into small (17 kb) and large (90 kb) single-copy regions. The endonuclease recognition sites in the physical map were determined by single and double digestion of 13 lambda phage clones which covered the entire sequence of the pear cpDNA. Twenty nine genes were localized on the physical map of the pear cpDNA. The structure of pear cpDNA was almost the same in terms of genome size and gene order as that of tobacco cpDNA. RFLP analysis was carried out on cpDNAs from five Pyrus species (Pyrus pyrifolia, Pyrus ussuriensis, Pyrus calleryana, Pyrus elaeagrifolia and Pyrus communis). Two mutations, a recognition-site mutation and a length mutation (deletion), were found only in the cpDNA of P. pyrifolia cultivars. These mutations were localized on the physical map of pear cpDNA. The number of mutations of cpDNA in Pyrus species are small in comparison with those of other angiosperms, suggesting a high degree of genome conservatism in Pyrus species.