PURPOSE: To evaluate the prevalence of retinal microangiopathy in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1-infected patients and its association with virologic, immunologic, and sociodemographic parameters. DESIGN: Single-center cross-sectional study. PARTICIPANTS: One hundred eighty-eight HIV-1-positive individuals from a single outpatient clinic. METHODS: Human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients were screened for signs of HIV-associated retinal angiopathy. Plasma HIV-1 RNA and CD4-positive cell counts were monitored within 3 months of the ophthalmologic assessment. The absence or presence of angiopathy or of opportunistic viral retinitis was then correlated to data respecting CD4-positive cell count, plasma viral load of HIV-1, and sociodemographic parameters. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Association between CD4-positive cell count, HIV-1 plasma viral load, sociodemographic parameters, and the manifestation of retinal microangiopathy. RESULTS: At the baseline consultation, 130 (69%) patients exhibited no retinal pathologic features, 45 (24%) manifested retinal angiopathy, and 13 (7%) had opportunistic viral retinitis. In univariate analysis, retinal angiopathy was associated with lower CD4-positive cell count and higher HIV-1 plasma viral load. In a multivariate logistic model, the presence of retinal microangiopathy was associated with higher age (P = 0.02) and higher viral load of HIV-1 (P < 0.005), but not with lower CD4 cell counts (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Human immunodeficiency virus-associated retinal microangiopathy is likely a multifactorial condition. Its presence is associated with higher age and higher replication of HIV-1 as measured by plasma HIV-1 RNA levels. In contrast to opportunistic infectious retinitis, the degree of immunodeficiency does not seem to be independently correlated with retinal angiopathy.
PURPOSE: To evaluate the prevalence of retinal microangiopathy in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1-infectedpatients and its association with virologic, immunologic, and sociodemographic parameters. DESIGN: Single-center cross-sectional study. PARTICIPANTS: One hundred eighty-eight HIV-1-positive individuals from a single outpatient clinic. METHODS:Human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients were screened for signs of HIV-associated retinal angiopathy. Plasma HIV-1 RNA and CD4-positive cell counts were monitored within 3 months of the ophthalmologic assessment. The absence or presence of angiopathy or of opportunistic viral retinitis was then correlated to data respecting CD4-positive cell count, plasma viral load of HIV-1, and sociodemographic parameters. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Association between CD4-positive cell count, HIV-1 plasma viral load, sociodemographic parameters, and the manifestation of retinal microangiopathy. RESULTS: At the baseline consultation, 130 (69%) patients exhibited no retinal pathologic features, 45 (24%) manifested retinal angiopathy, and 13 (7%) had opportunistic viral retinitis. In univariate analysis, retinal angiopathy was associated with lower CD4-positive cell count and higher HIV-1 plasma viral load. In a multivariate logistic model, the presence of retinal microangiopathy was associated with higher age (P = 0.02) and higher viral load of HIV-1 (P < 0.005), but not with lower CD4 cell counts (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS:Human immunodeficiency virus-associated retinal microangiopathy is likely a multifactorial condition. Its presence is associated with higher age and higher replication of HIV-1 as measured by plasma HIV-1 RNA levels. In contrast to opportunistic infectious retinitis, the degree of immunodeficiency does not seem to be independently correlated with retinal angiopathy.
Authors: David Heiden; NiNi Tun; Ernest Maningding; Matthew Heiden; Jennifer Rose-Nussbaumer; Khin Nyein Chan; Tamara Khizniak; Alexandra Yakubenko; Susan Lewallen; Jeremy D Keenan; Peter Saranchuk Journal: Bull World Health Organ Date: 2014-09-22 Impact factor: 9.408