Medicinal chemistry and pharmacology of A2B adenosine receptors.

The low affinity A(2B) adenosine receptor, like any other adenosine receptor subtype, belongs to the super-family of seven transmembrane domain protein-coupled receptors (7TMs GPCR) and is classified by the GPCR database in the family of rhodopsin like receptors (Class A of GPCR). It has been cloned from various species, including rat and human, and its sequences are highly similar across species, ranging from 85% identity between human and mouse and 95% identity between rat and mouse. The A(2B)receptors show a ubiquitous distribution, the highest levels are present in cecum, colon and bladder, followed by blood vessels, lung, eye and mast cells. Through A(2B) receptors adenosine seems to cause mast cells degranulation, vasodilation, cardiac fibroblast proliferation, inhibition of Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF-alpha), increased synthesis of interleukin-6 (IL-6), stimulation of Cl(-) secretion in intestinal epithelia and hepatic glucose production. Hence, A(2B) adenosine receptor agonists could be useful in the treatment of cardiac diseases like hypertension or myocardial infarction and in the management of septic shock, while antagonists may serve as novel drugs for asthma, Alzheimer's disease, cystic fibrosis and type-II diabetes. No potent and selective A(2B) agonists have been reported so far; 5'-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine (NECA) is one of the most active. The monosubstitution on N(6)-position of adenosine is well tolerated and that position appears to be a useful site for increasing A(2B) potency. Among substituents in 2-position of adenosine only 1-alkynyl chains are effective for A(2B) potency. In particular, the (S)-2-hydroxypropynyl substituents brought about the highest activity demonstrating that the A(2B) receptors discriminate between (R) and (S) diastereomers. Hence, (S)-2-phenylhydroxypropynylNECA (PHPNECA), with an EC(50) = 0.22 micro M, proved to be the most potent A(2B) agonist reported so far. Classical antagonists for adenosine receptors are alkylxanthines which show considerable potency at A(2B) receptors. Para substituted 1,3-dialkyl-8-phenylxanthines possess high affinity in binding assays; the 3-unsubstituted 1-alkyl analogues resulted more A(2B) selective with the 8-[4-[(N-(2-hydroxyethyl)carboxamidomethyl)oxy]phenyl]-1-propylxanthine (60) showing the highest affinity (K(i) = 1.2 nM) and selectivity (A(1)/A(2B) = 60, A(2A)/A(2B) = 1,790, A(3)/A(2B) = 360). Among non-xanthine derivatives very promising are substituted purines, in which combination of appropriate substituents in 2-, 8-, and 9-position could lead to very potent and selective A(2B) antagonists.