Genome multiplication of extravillous trophoblast cells in human placenta in the course of differentiation and invasion into endometrium and myometrium. I. Dynamics of polyploidization.

Polyploidization of the extravillous trophoblast (EVT) cells at different stages of differentiation and invasion into the uterine wall in human placenta has been studied. An increase in the ploidy level of EVT cells in the course of their differentiation within cell columns (CC) was shown. Stem cells were mainly diploid (86.2%); incidence of polyploid nuclei of highly proliferative cells of the proximal part of CC increased progressively. In the distal part of CC, where EVT cells did not divide mitotically, polyploid cells prevailed, with 58.0 and 3.5% nuclei being 4c and 8c, respectively. The highest percentage of polyploid cells was found in the population of EVT cells attached directly to the surface of the decidualized endometrium: percentage of tetraploid cells turned out to be 74.7% and the share of octaploid nuclei rose up to 4.9%; however, there appeared a few (0.3%) 16c cells. The majority of EVT cells invading the decidualized endometrium were polyploid, the share of octaploid and hexadecaploid cells rose up to 9.7 and 1.4%, respectively. On the other hand, the percentage of diploid cells also increased up to 29.2% as compared to EVT cells attached to decidua (20.0%). The same tendency proved to be even stronger in myometrium: the share of diploid EVT cells increased up to 46.0%, a prominent amount of tetraploid (45.1%) and highly polyploid (8c and 16c) cells retained in the EVT cell population (7.4 and 1.1%, respectively). Immunohistochemical staining of Ki-67 protein (MIB1), which labels cells held in the cell cycle, showed a high incidence of MIB1-positive stem cells (93.7%) and the EVT cells of the proximal part of CC (85.5%) characterized by high mitotic activity. A lower MIB1-positivity (43.2%) was found in the distal part of CC, whereas invasive EVT cells showed no MIB1-labeling. The presence of MIB1-positive nuclei in the distal part of CCs in the absence of mitoses, taken together with data on polyploidization of these cells, indicates their switch to the endoreduplication cycle. As a whole, the data obtained evidence that differentiation of EVT cells of the invasive pathway is accompanied by polyploidization. However, in a population of trophoblast cells capable of most profound invasion (up to myometrium), the proportion of diploid cells rose. These results suggest that the human cytotrophoblast invasion into the uterine wall requires an optimum, not the highest, ploidy level, whereas highly polyploid cells may form a subpopulation at the border between the maternal and fetal parts of placenta.