Psychiatric comorbidity in anorexia and bulimia nervosa: nature, prevalence, and causal relationships.

Eating disorders are complex, multifactorially determined phenomena. When individuals with eating disorders present for treatment with comorbid conditions, case conceptualization is further complicated and, as a result, it may be difficult to determine optimal psychological or pharmacological treatment. This article reviews the evidence of the association between eating disorders (anorexia nervosa [AN] and bulimia nervosa [BN]) and Axis I depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), substance abuse, and Axis II personality disorders, for the purposes of increasing awareness about the different options for case conceptualization. Although other diagnoses comorbid with eating disorders are of interest to clinicians (e.g., posttraumatic stress disorder [PTSD] and social phobia), their comprehensive review is currently premature due to a lack of empirical scrutiny. Finally, future directions for research, including suggestions for the use of particular assessment tools and more sophisticated research designs, are discussed.