IL-12 completely blocks ultraviolet-induced secretion of tumor necrosis factor alpha from cultured skin fibroblasts and keratinocytes.

Interleukin-12 is an important regulator of other cytokines. Although interleukin-12 is considered to act primarily on lymphocytes, provoking a shift from T helper 2 to T helper 1 cells and an increase in lymphocyte-derived tumor necrosis factor alpha, we hypothesized that interleukin-12 might also affect tumor necrosis factor alpha secretion from skin cells. In this study, keratinocytes were treated with ultraviolet-B, ultraviolet-A, or sham irradiation, without or with exogenous interleukin-12. Remarkably, the exogenous interleukin-12 totally blocked ultraviolet-B-induced tumor necrosis factor alpha production. Both ultraviolet-A and ultraviolet-B were capable of inducing interleukin-12 production. To determine the molecular mechanism of this effect, we used a chloramphenicol acetyl transferase reporter under the control of a 1.2 kb fragment of the wild-type (-308G) human tumor necrosis factor alpha promoter and found significant suppression of promoter activity with interleukin-12. Studies using the -308A variant of the human tumor necrosis factor alpha promoter showed much higher promoter activity overall, but also a greater sensitivity to suppression by interleukin-12. The mechanism did not involve blockage of the interleukin-1 receptor, because interleukin-12 did not suppress interleukin-1-mediated induction of collagenase mRNA. To determine the role of endogenous interleukin-12, we found that anti-interleukin-12 antibodies enhanced ultraviolet-B-induced tumor necrosis factor alpha secretion. Thus, interleukin-12 strongly inhibits tumor necrosis factor alpha production by noninflammatory skin cells, mostly or entirely through inhibition of gene transcription via an element within the first 1.2 kb of the tumor necrosis factor alpha promoter. The result is a shift in tumor necrosis factor alpha production from noninflammatory cells to T helper 1 cells. Because tumor necrosis factor alpha is central to the pathogenesis of several photosensitive skin diseases and certain forms of immune suppression, interleukin-12 may have important physiologic, pathophysiologic, and therapeutic roles.