Repair of the mutagenic DNA oxidation product, 5-formyluracil.

The oxidation of the thymine methyl group can generate 5-formyluracil (FoU). Template FoU residues are known to miscode, generating base substitution mutations. The repair of the FoU lesion is therefore important in minimizing mutations induced by DNA oxidation. We have studied the repair of FoU in synthetic oligonucleotides when paired with A and G. In E. coli cell extract, the repair of FoU is four orders of magnitude lower than the repair of U and is similar for both FoU:A and FoU:G base pairs. In HeLa nuclear extract, the repair of FoU:A is similarly four orders of magnitude lower than the repair of uracil, although the FoU:G lesion is repaired 10 times more efficiently than FoU:A. The FoU:G lesion is shown to be repaired by E. coli mismatch uracil DNA glycosylase (Mug), thermophile mismatch thymine DNA glycosylase (Tdg), mouse mismatch thymine DNA glycosylase (mTDG) and human methyl-CpG-binding thymine DNA glycosylase (MBD4), whereas the FoU:A lesion is repaired only by Mug and mTDG. The repair of FoU relative to the other pyrimidines examined here in human cell extract differs from the substrate preferences of the known glycosylases, suggesting that additional, and as yet unidentified glycosylases exist in human cells to repair the FoU lesion. Indeed, as observed in HeLa nuclear extract, the repair of mispaired FoU derived from misincorporation of dGMP across from template FoU could promote rather than minimize mutagenesis. The pathways by which this important lesion is repaired in human cells are as yet unexplained, and are likely to be complex.