Comparative study of HP-27 gene promoter activities between the chipmunk and tree squirrel.

The chipmunk hibernation-specific protein HP-27 is a component of the 140-kDa complex that decreases in the blood during hibernation. Although the HP-27 gene is detected in both the chipmunk, a hibernating species of the squirrel family, and the tree squirrel, a nonhibernating species, it is expressed only in the chipmunk, in a liver-specific manner. To understand the difference in HP-27 gene expression between the chipmunk and tree squirrel, we isolated chipmunk and tree squirrel HP-27 genomic clones, and compared their promoter activities. Transient transfection studies in HepG2 cells revealed that the 170 bp 5'-flanking sequence of the chipmunk HP-27 gene was sufficient for liver-specific promoter activity and that deletion of the sequence from -170 to -140 reduced the promoter activity by 90%. Although the corresponding 170 bp 5'-flanking sequence of the tree squirrel HP-27 gene had 89% nucleotide sequence homology to that of the chipmunk, it showed almost no promoter activity in HepG2 cells. In a gel retardation assay using HepG2 or chipmunk liver nuclear extracts, the 5'-flanking sequence of the chipmunk HP-27 gene from -170 to -140 showed a shifted band, but the corresponding tree squirrel sequence did not. Taken together, these data indicate that a transcription factor that binds to this 5'-flanking sequence of the chipmunk HP-27 gene plays an important role in HP-27 gene expression, and the failure of this factor to bind in the case of the tree squirrel HP-27 gene could be responsible for this animal's lack of HP-27 gene expression.