Chloroplast redox signals: how photosynthesis controls its own genes.

The photosynthetic apparatus of higher plants and algae is composed of plastid- and nuclear-encoded components, therefore the expression of photosynthesis genes needs to be highly coordinated. Expression is regulated by various factors, one of the most important of which is light. Photosynthesis functions as a sensor for such light signals, and the redox state of photosynthetic electron transport components and redox-active soluble molecules act as regulating parameters. This provides a feedback response loop in which the expression of photosynthesis genes is coupled to the function of the photosynthetic process, and highlights the dual role of photosynthesis in energy fixation and the reception of environmental information.