Cofactors for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 cDNA integration in vitro.

We have investigated the function of two DNA binding proteins that stimulate human immunodeficiency virus type 1 cDNA integration in vitro, the cellular HMGa1 protein and the viral nucleocapsid (NC) protein. Of the three forms of NC (NCp7, NCp9, and NCp15), we find that NCp9 is the most effective at increasing integration in vitro; thus, processing of NC may potentially modulate its activities during infection. We also found that maximal stimulation by NCp9 required roughly enough NC to coat the reactant DNAs whereas less HMGa1 was required, and the reactions displayed different optima for divalent metal cofactors and order of addition. These findings reveal probable distinct mechanisms of action in vitro.