Aspiration cytology for diagnosis of tuberculosis--perspectives in India.

Tuberculosis (TB) a common cause of mortality can readily be diagnosed by fine needle aspiration. The technique is a simple, cost effective, out patient procedure with a high diagnostic accuracy both in adults and children. The diagnostic morphologic findings comprise of epithelioid cell granulomas and giant cells with or without necrosis. Often an acute inflammatory exudate is obtained. Stain for acid fast bacilli immensely augments diagnosis especially in cases where necrosis or an inflammatory exudate is obtained. Culture studies on aspirated material are time consuming though diagnosis is enhanced. PCR can be applied to detect mycobacterial DNA and has been applied on aspirated material and found to be more sensitive in the detection of tuberculosis. In children TB of lymph nodes is readily identified and so also from other sites such as bone and soft tissues. In children FNAC also plays a role in detection of BCG adenitis, infection with atypical mycobacteria and co-existing infections such as HIV and AIDS.