Determination of platinum and rhodium in environmental matrixes by solid sampling-electrothermal vaporization-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry.

Electrothermal vaporization from a graphite furnace was used in combination with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS) for the determination of Pt and Rh in environmental matrixes. Solid samples of tunnel dust, grass, and atmospheric aerosol collected on a cellulose filter could be analyzed directly, such that sample dissolution-which is not self-evident for the determination of platinum group metals-could be avoided. By heating the graphite furnace according to a multistep temperature program, spectral interferences were avoided, since a "dry" plasma was obtained, while "parent" ions such as Cu, Zn, and Pb, giving origin to interfering molecular ions, were vaporized during the thermal pretreatment step. For tunnel dust, the most demanding sample matrix, a mixture of HCl and HF was used as a modifier to stimulate the vaporization of matrix components during the thermal pretreatment step and, hence, to alleviate matrix-induced analyte signal suppression during the actual vaporization step. Calibration was accomplished by means of single standard addition with an aqueous standard solution. The results obtained agreed within the experimental uncertainty with the corresponding reference values (certified values or results obtained using pneumatic nebulization ICPMS), while relative standard deviations of < or = 15% were typical for both Pt and Rh. In all samples, a Pt/Rh ratio of approximately 6-8 was established. For a typical sample mass of 2 mg, limits of detection were 0.35 ng/g for Pt and 0.05 ng/g for Rh.